Ranjit Singh Ji is crowned in 1801, fixes the Sutlej boundary in 1809, takes Multan in 1818, Kashmir in 1819 and Peshawar in the 1830s, and dies in 1839.
The state destroys itself in six years. Two Anglo-Sikh wars, in 1845 to 1846 and 1848 to 1849, end with the annexation on 29 March 1849.
The British build canals from 1859, metal the Grand Trunk Road, lay the first railway in 1862, disarm the province and then recruit it. Punjab becomes the empire's principal military labour reserve.
The Namdhari movement begins at Bhaini Sahib in 1857 and its members are blown from cannon at Malerkotla in 1872. The Singh Sabha begins in 1873. The Arya Samaj arrives in 1877. The canal colonies begin in 1885. Khalsa College opens in 1892.
The population moves west into the new colony land. Punjabi labour begins to go abroad, to East Africa from 1896 and to the American west coast from 1899.
The province ends the century richer, more irrigated, more militarised, more communally defined, and with its own state a memory.
The century opens with Ranjit Singh Ji taking Lahore in 1799 and closes with the canal colonies, the Singh Sabha and the first stirrings of the politics that made 1947.
In between are the two Anglo-Sikh wars, the annexation of 1849, the recruitment of the Punjab into the army after 1857, and the railway and the canals.
It is the century in which the Punjab was made into what the twentieth century inherited: an army recruiting ground, a granary, and a province defined by three religious communities counted separately.