Dhani Ram Chatrik

Dhani Ram Chatrik was born at Pasianwala in Sialkot district in 1876 and worked as a compositor before he became a poet and a printer.

He is the man who made Gurmukhi typography usable. He designed and cut improved Gurmukhi type at his Sudarshan Press at Amritsar and standardised forms that had been irregular since the missionary presses of the 1830s. Every Punjabi book printed in India for decades used his letters.

As a poet he brought Punjabi out of the qissa metres into modern lyric subjects and is usually placed with Bhai Vir Singh and Puran Singh as one of the founders of modern Punjabi poetry.

He was the first president of the Punjabi Sahit Sabha and worked to get Punjabi taught and published as a modern literary language rather than only a religious one.

A typesetter who redesigned the alphabet his language is written in, and then wrote in it, is not a common career.

He also published other people's work at his own risk, including early collections by writers who had no other route into print. That is the part of a printer's contribution that leaves no record.

Before that, Punjabi was printed from lithographed handwriting. The type he cut changed what a Punjabi book could be and how cheaply it could be made.

He was a poet as well and his collections are read, but the type is the larger contribution and it is the one nobody mentions.

What we don't know

  • The full record of his type designs, which has not been catalogued.

Where to check this

Named but not linked. These are real, findable documents. This project has not consulted them for this page.

  • Dhani Ram Chatrik's collected poems.

This page has not yet been read through by the editor. Treat it with more caution than the rest.

How this page was written. The text is compiled from the standard published histories and reference works, not from a document held in hand. Nobody from this project has visited the place or read the archive. The list above is where a reader can go to check it, not a record of what was consulted line by line. Dates and figures are the received account. If you hold something better, write in and it will be corrected.

This is one of 49 accounts in Ghadar, the chapter of this site covering the movements against colonial rule, 1907 to 1947.