Misr Diwan Chand

Misr Diwan Chand was a Hindu Brahmin from Gujranwala who rose from a clerkship in the commissariat to command of the army. He took Multan in 1818 and Kashmir in 1819, the two hardest conquests of the reign.

He was given the title Zafar Jang Bahadur after Multan. He was not a Sikh, and his command of the main field army of the Khalsa state is a plain fact that cuts against most modern readings of what that state was.

The Multan siege lasted months and was ended by an assault in June 1818 in which the Nihangs under Akali Phula Singh Ji went in first. Kashmir followed within a year, a campaign over the Pir Panjal against a defending force that had beaten a previous Sikh attempt.

He died in 1825. The senior commands of the Lahore state through its expansion were held by a Khatri, Hari Singh Nalwa, a Brahmin, Diwan Chand, and a Nihang jathedar, and the Maharaja was a Jat Sikh.

He commanded the Sikh artillery and took Multan in 1818 and Kashmir in 1819, which are the two campaigns that made the state a regional power.

He was a Hindu commander of a Sikh army and he was given the title Zafar Jang Bahadur. The Lahore court's senior appointments cut across religion routinely and are usually described as though they did not.

His guns were cast at Lahore. The artillery arm was the technical achievement of that state and the reason it beat the Afghans.

What we don't know

  • His early career before the commissariat, which is not documented.

Where to check this

Named but not linked. These are real, findable documents. This project has not consulted them for this page.

  • Khalsa Darbar records.

This page has not yet been read through by the editor. Treat it with more caution than the rest.

How this page was written. The text is compiled from the standard published histories and reference works, not from a document held in hand. Nobody from this project has visited the place or read the archive. The list above is where a reader can go to check it, not a record of what was consulted line by line. Dates and figures are the received account. If you hold something better, write in and it will be corrected.

This is one of 30 accounts in The Sarkar, the chapter of this site covering Ranjit Singh Ji's state, 1799 to 1849.