The gaddi, the bullock cart, was the transport of rural Punjab: wooden wheels with iron tyres, later pneumatic tyres on truck axles, drawn by a pair of bullocks, carrying fodder, grain, brick, people and everything else.
The cart was made by the village carpenter and the wheels were the hardest part: spokes, felloes and an iron tyre shrunk on hot.
Bullock cart racing was a village sport and a major event at Kila Raipur until it was banned on animal cruelty grounds.
The tractor and trolley replaced the cart within about twenty years from the 1970s, and the bullock as a draught animal disappeared from Punjab almost entirely, which also ended the fodder economy, the haveli and the blacksmith's main work.
Male calves became worthless overnight, which is a consequence of mechanisation that has never been properly discussed anywhere in India.
A complete working bullock cart is now hard to find in Punjab and there is no museum with one.
A loaded cart moved at walking pace and a day's journey was fifteen or twenty kilometres, which is why the village markets sit that far apart and why the mandi towns are spaced the way they are.
The kacha link roads of the countryside were built for that width and that wheel. When the trolley arrived the roads had to be widened and metalled, and the rural road programme of the 1970s follows directly from it.
The bullock has gone out of Punjab's animal census almost entirely, and the draught breeds kept for it, bred for pulling rather than for milk, went with it.