The seeds that were dropped

Before the Green Revolution, Punjab grew a large number of local wheat, rice, cotton, maize, millet and pulse varieties, selected over generations for particular soils and particular uses.

Almost all were replaced within about fifteen years by a small number of improved varieties, because the improved ones yielded more with fertiliser and were what was procured.

What survives is in gene banks: the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, the Punjab Agricultural University collections, and international collections.

Some are held by farmers. Basmati landraces, desi cotton, and traditional rice varieties are grown in small quantities by individuals and by seed-saving networks.

The loss matters practically rather than sentimentally: a genetically narrow crop is vulnerable to a disease that a diverse one is not, and Punjab's wheat is very narrow.

The varieties a Punjab village grew in 1950 are recorded, if at all, in a settlement report or an agricultural department bulletin, and the seed itself is in a freezer or gone.

The wheat and rice varieties Punjab grew before 1965 are in the national gene bank and in the international collections and are in no field.

Basmati is the exception. The traditional long grain varieties survived because a market paid for them, which is the only mechanism that has preserved anything.

The desi cotton, the coarse millets, the pulses and the local vegetable varieties went without being recorded. What a Punjab village grew in 1950 is not written down anywhere in full.

What we don't know

  • What was lost. There was no baseline survey before the transition.

Where to check this

  1. Punjab Agricultural University germplasm collections. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana ↗

Named but not linked. These are real, findable documents. This project has not consulted them for this page.

  • National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources records.

This page has not yet been read through by the editor. Treat it with more caution than the rest.

How this page was written. The text is compiled from the standard published histories and reference works, not from a document held in hand. Nobody from this project has visited the place or read the archive. The list above is where a reader can go to check it, not a record of what was consulted line by line. Dates and figures are the received account. If you hold something better, write in and it will be corrected.

This is one of 220 accounts in When the Water Went, the chapter of this site covering Punjab since 1947: land, water, debt and everything after.