Amrita, Shiv and the making of a canon

Modern Punjabi's popular canon is short: Amrita Pritam, Shiv Kumar Batalvi, Mohan Singh, Surjit Patar, Pash, Waris Shah and Bulleh Shah from the older tradition, and Nanak Singh and Gurdial Singh in prose.

That list was made by three things: the school syllabus, All India Radio Jalandhar, and the singers who set the poems to music. A poem that was sung became known and a poem that was not did not.

Poets of comparable stature who were not sung, Harbhajan Singh, Harinder Singh Mehboob, Jagtar, are read by people who study Punjabi and by very few others.

The same mechanism operated in Pakistani Punjab in reverse: what the qawwals and folk singers carried survived, and what was only printed did not.

The canon of a language whose readership is small is made by musicians, and that is a more honest description of Punjabi literary reputation than any prize list.

Amrita Pritam and Shiv Kumar Batalvi are the two Punjabi poets almost every Punjabi can name, and both were made by the radio and the school syllabus as much as by the work.

Two texts stand in the popular mind for the whole of Punjabi poetry, and the rest of both bodies of work is much less read.

A canon assembled by broadcasters and textbook committees is narrow by construction. The writers left out of it are not lesser so much as unpromoted.

What we don't know

  • Nothing central. This page is an argument about how reputation works, and it is stated as one.

Where to check this

Named but not linked. These are real, findable documents. This project has not consulted them for this page.

  • Punjab school syllabi and All India Radio Jalandhar programming records.

This page has not yet been read through by the editor. Treat it with more caution than the rest.

How this page was written. The text is compiled from the standard published histories and reference works, not from a document held in hand. Nobody from this project has visited the place or read the archive. The list above is where a reader can go to check it, not a record of what was consulted line by line. Dates and figures are the received account. If you hold something better, write in and it will be corrected.

This is one of 220 accounts in When the Water Went, the chapter of this site covering Punjab since 1947: land, water, debt and everything after.