The chakki and the madhani

The chakki is the hand quern, two stone discs with a wooden handle, turned by two women sitting facing each other, grinding the day's flour before light. The chakki songs are among the oldest recorded Punjabi women's verse and they are work songs with a beat set by the stone.

The madhani is the churn: a wooden staff with paddles, spun in a clay pot of curd by a rope pulled hand over hand, to raise butter and leave lassi.

Both are dawn objects and both appear constantly in the Sufi and folk repertoire, because the poets knew that a woman at a chakki at four in the morning is awake and can be sung to.

Electric flour mills reached most villages between the 1950s and 1970s. The chakki went first because grinding is heavy and nobody was sentimental about it.

The madhani survived longer and is still used in some households. Lassi made in one and lassi made in a mixer are not the same thing, which every Punjabi will tell you and which is also true.

The stones had to be dressed. A chakki wears smooth and stops cutting, and a man came round with a chisel to roughen the grinding faces again. That was a trade of its own and it is gone with the object it served.

Flour ground at hand speed and flour from a mill are not the same, because a stone turned slowly does not heat the grain and a fast steel mill does. That is why the word chakki still attaches to the electric flour mill in the bazaar, which grinds between stones slowly for exactly that reason.

What the two objects have in common is that both were worked in the dark before anybody else in the house was up, by women, and that both left it without anything being said about their going.

What we don't know

  • How widely the madhani is still used. Nobody has counted.

Where to check this

  1. Punjabi folk song collections. Panjab Digital Library - manuscripts, newspapers, rare books ↗

Named but not linked. These are real, findable documents. This project has not consulted them for this page.

  • Ethnographic accounts of Punjabi domestic technology.

This page has not yet been read through by the editor. Treat it with more caution than the rest.

How this page was written. The text is compiled from the standard published histories and reference works, not from a document held in hand. Nobody from this project has visited the place or read the archive. The list above is where a reader can go to check it, not a record of what was consulted line by line. Dates and figures are the received account. If you hold something better, write in and it will be corrected.

This is one of 29 accounts in What the Hands Made, the chapter of this site covering the crafts, the buildings and the objects.