A chronology

3300 to 1300 BCE, the Indus cities: Harappa, Rakhigarhi, Ropar. 1500 to 1000 BCE, the Rig Veda composed in the land of seven rivers. 326 BCE, Alexander at the Jhelum. 1st to 5th century CE, Gandhara and the Kushans.

1001 to 1027, Mahmud of Ghazni; Punjab a Ghaznavid province from Lahore. 1192, Tarain. 1398, Timur. 1469, Guru Nanak Dev Ji born. 1526, Panipat and Babur. 1540s, Sher Shah's road. 1556, Akbar at Kalanaur.

1604, the Adi Granth. 1606, Guru Arjan Dev Ji killed and the Akal Takht built. 1675, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji executed. 1699, the Khalsa. 1704, Anandpur, Chamkaur, Sirhind. 1708, Nanded. 1710, Chappar Chiri. 1716, Banda Singh Bahadur Ji executed.

1739, Nadir Shah. 1746 and 1762, the two ghallugharas. 1748, the Dal Khalsa. 1761, Panipat. 1765, coin struck at Lahore. 1799, Ranjit Singh Ji takes Lahore. 1809, the Sutlej line. 1849, annexation.

1857. 1885, the canal colonies begin. 1907, Pagri Sambhal Jatta. 1913, the Ghadar Party. 1919, Jallianwala Bagh. 1921, Nankana Sahib. 1925, the Sikh Gurdwaras Act. 1931, Bhagat Singh hanged.

1947. 1948, PEPSU. 1960, the Indus Waters Treaty. 1963, Bhakra. 1966, reorganisation. 1966 onward, the Green Revolution. 1978. 1984. 1985, the accord. 1995. 2015, Bargari. 2019, the Kartarpur corridor. 2020 to 2021, the farm protest.

The dates that structure everything here: 1469, 1499, 1604, 1699, 1708, 1710, 1761, 1799, 1849, 1919, 1947, 1966, 1984 and 2020.

Half of them are about a text or a founding and half are about a defeat or a killing, which is a fair description of what the record consists of.

What a chronology cannot show is the part that did not happen on a date: the water table, the emigration, the language, the caste arrangements. Those are the subjects of most of this site and none of them has a year.

What we don't know

  • Nothing. This is an index, not an argument.

Where to check this

Named but not linked. These are real, findable documents. This project has not consulted them for this page.

  • The pages of this site and the sources cited on them.

This page has not yet been read through by the editor. Treat it with more caution than the rest.

How this page was written. The text is compiled from the standard published histories and reference works, not from a document held in hand. Nobody from this project has visited the place or read the archive. The list above is where a reader can go to check it, not a record of what was consulted line by line. Dates and figures are the received account. If you hold something better, write in and it will be corrected.

This is one of 76 accounts in What the Land Holds, the chapter of this site covering the rivers, the soil, the weather and what lives here.